Pathophysiology Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - 845 Words

Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes One of the most common medical disorders of pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Diagnosing, treating, and managing health outcomes for the mother and baby can be challenging. The impact of GDM can be far reaching past the postpartum period, and can affect both mom and baby for years to come. The purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiology of GDM, explore the available treatments and discuss the impact and how education is essential in the management of GDM. Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes A genetic predisposition is associated with type two diabetes, occurring in the coding for beta-cell mass and beta-cell function (Jones et al., 2012). Beta-cells function as the sensors for elevated blood glucose levels, secreting and synthesizing insulin for glucose control (Jones et al., 2012). Jones states obesity is an important cause of type two diabetes, increase cellular resistance to insulin and is present in 60-80% of all type two diabetics (Jones et al., 2012). Wilbur states in type two diabetes, insulin may be unable to affect hepatic glucose production and impairs insulin sensitivity in the muscles, increasing blood glucose levels systemically in the bloodstream (Wilbur, 2013). Type one diabetes affects 0.17% of children, and they often have a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes (Jones et al., 2012). Type one diabetes is further divided into two groups: type 1A, which is autoimmune and TShow MoreRelatedDiabetes And Drug Treatment Of Diabetes799 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes and Drug Treatments Diabetes represents one of the most challenging disorders facing the United States population. Diabetes can be classified as Diabetes Mellitus type I, Diabetes Mellitus type II, Gestational Diabetes, and secondary diabetes from other conditions. At least 90% of diabetes is type 2, and the complications could be avoided by carefully managing hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia (Wilbur, 2013). Therefore, the healthcare industry is spending vast amounts of timeRead MorePathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetes Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellites(DM), is a deficiency of insulin action causing hyperglycemia. The majority of DM have a decreased secretion of the cells, insulin resistance, or counterregulatory hormones( McPhee Hammer, 2010). Insulin is synthesized from the beta cells from the pancreases. Composed from A peptide and B peptide connected to C peptide and disulfide bonds. Insulin is a hormone that aids in metabolism. encourages glucose uptake and the synthesis works mainlyRead More Diabetes Mellitus Essay examples1745 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes mellitus (DM) or simply diabetes, is a chronic health condition in which the body either fails to produce the amount of insulin needed or it responds inadequately to the insulin secreted by the pancreas. The three primary types of diabetes are: Diabetes Type 1 and 2, and during some pregnancies, Gestational diabetes. The clichà © for all three types of diabetes is high glucose blood levels or hyperglycemia. The pathophysiology of all types of diabet es mellitus is related to the hormone insulinRead MoreDiabetes The Endocrine System Consists Of Elevated Or Inadequate Depression Of Endocrine Gland753 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes In diabetes the endocrine system comprises of elevated or inadequate depression of endocrine gland with results in alterations in hormone levels. â€Å"Diabetes affect 25.8 million people, or 8.3% the U.S. population, have diabetes and another seven million are estimated to be undiagnosed† (Huether McCance, 2012, P.447). Diabetes Insipidus â€Å"Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is a disorder of insufficient activity of ADH, leading to polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (frequent drinking)† (HuetherRead MoreThe Common Definition Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus1443 Words   |  6 Pages The common definition of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose or carbohydrate intolerance with onset, first recognition or first diagnosis during pregnancy; it is a common complication in pregnancy that typically ends a few weeks after birth (Coustan, 2013; Zhang Ning, 2011; Brown, 2011). Although the causes of GDM are not known, it appears that hormones from the placenta lead to insulin resistance in the mother; this insulin resistance combined with an inadequate insulin secretionRead MoreTypes And Types Of Diabetes Essay1796 Words   |  8 PagesTypes of Diabetes Type 1 diabetes: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes : Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance which may be combined with relatively reduced insulin secretion. The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin is believed to involve the insulin receptor. Gestational diabetes: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)Read MoreDiabetes Mellitus ( Dm ) Is A Metabolic Disorder Caused By Pancreatic Disorders1103 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by pancreatic dysfunction resulting in absence or insufficient insulin secretion. Different categories of DM are as follows; type 1 DM, type 2 DM, other specific type and gestational DM (GDM) (Huether McCance 2012). Type 1 DM is caused by autoimmune where there is no insulin production, type 2 DM happens later in life due to insulin resistance from obesity, low level of HDL(good cholesterol), or polycystic ovary disease (Blair, 2016). OtherRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Group Of Diseases That Affect Your Body Uses Blood Sugar1601 Words   |  7 Pages2056 FT030 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper Annabelle Anglo 03/17/2015 According to Mayo Clinic, â€Å"Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it s an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It s also your brain s main source of fuel.† (Mayo Clinic, 2005) Diabetes Mellitus has 3 types: Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes. Type 1Read MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus1154 Words   |  5 Pages Evaristo Vazquez MED 2056, VNFT29 Diabetes Mellitus Michela Leytam 12/08/14 Pathophysiology All types of diabetes are related to a deficiency in the hormone insulin, which is secreted by the beta cells os the pancreas. In a healthy person, insulin is produced in response to elevated levels of glucose in the bloodstream and its major role is to control glucose concentration in the blood by letting the glucose enter our cells and lowering its levels. What insulin does is allowingRead MoreEndocrine Research Paper Pathophysiology: Diabetes Mellitus1384 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation)(Diabetes Facts). When people think about epidemics that affect the world today, the first ones that usually come to mind are those that kill of millions of people every year such as HIV, malaria, or the influenza. There are even those that haven’t been as deadly but have gained extreme notoriety such as the H1N1 virus, cholera, and anthrax. For this paper forget about HIV, H1N1, cholera, and the influenza; introducing Diabetes mellitus: a silent epidemic. Diabetes mellitus or commonly

Essay about Huntingtons Disease - 979 Words

Huntingtons Disease Huntingtons Disease is a genetic autosomal disorder which effects the brain. It affects about 1 in 20,000 individuals. The symptoms of the disease do not start to occur until after or around 40 years of age. With the onset of the disease the patient starts to gradually deteriorate intellectually, this deterioration also causes involuntary movements. Scientists have only recently found the section of the gene which causes Huntingtons disease, and this is allowed them to devise pre-symptomatic tests. However, a cure for the disease is yet to be found. Symptoms The symptoms of the Huntingtons disease vary from person to person. They can be grouped in two categories: Abnormal involuntary movements and†¦show more content†¦It is said that Huntingtons disease was first introduced to Australia by a Somerset woman who arrived in Tasmania aboard the Arab ship in 1842. She had thirteen children; eight with her first husband and five with her second. Five of the six females and four of the seven males inherited the disease. Causes of the Disorder This disease is genetically inherited and is a dominant characteristic, therefore unfortunately the offspring of a victim has 50% chance of inheriting the disease. The DNA contains four types base: A (adenine) and T (thymine), G (guanine) and C (cytosine). These four letters make up the genetic alphabet and they spell out the commands for every single cell and organ of the body and also determine all the characteristics of the person. In 1993 it was discovered that a segment of DNA on the arm of chromosome 4 is linked to the HD gene. They found that at one end of the HD gene, the combination CAG is repeated too many times. In people without HD this CAG is repeated 5 to 35 times. In people who are affected by HD, CAG is repeated over and over again between 36 and 121 times. The CAG combination codes for a protein called huntingtin. Why the increase number of CAG causes HD is still unknown. It is thought that too much of the HD protein makes them obtain some new, abnormal property. This is true in twoShow MoreRelated Huntingtons Disease Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesHuntington’s disease is a degenerative neurological disorder affecting movement, cognition, and emotional state (Schoenstadt). There are two forms of Huntington’s disease (Sheth). The most common is adult-onset Huntington’s disease, with persons usually developing symptoms in their middle 30s and 40s (Sheth). There is an early onset form of Huntington’s disease, beginning in childhood or adolescence, and makes up a small percentage of the Huntington’s population (Sheth). Huntington’s disease is aRead MoreEssay on Huntington’s Disease990 Words   |  4 Pagesand mental retardation. (Ridley, 55) Victims of this syndrome rarely live past t he age of seven. The last and most interesting situation occurs when this gene becomes mutated. In this case, the individual will suffer from Huntington’s Chorea, a debilitating neurological disease which will not show its effects until mid-life. Because of this disorder, the gene is known as â€Å"The Huntington Gene,† though it has also been referred to as â€Å"The Wolf-Hirschorn Gene† and â€Å"IT15† meaning â€Å"Interesting TranscriptRead MoreHuntington’s Disease Essay787 Words   |  4 Pagesmuch about Huntington’s disease. After reading this paper and the subsequent ones to come, you surely will. According to PudMedHealth.com, â€Å"Huntington’s disease is a disorder passed down through families in which nerve cells in certain parts of the brain waste away or degenerate.† This can lead to many different complications to a person’s health. In most cases, the disease’s symptoms develop later in life dur ing a person’s mid thirties-forties. There are also instances where the disease becomes on-setRead MoreEssay Huntingtons Disease1113 Words   |  5 PagesHuntingtons Disease Background Huntingtons disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease that gives rise to progressive, elective (localized) neural cell death associated with choleric movements (uncontrollable movements of the arms, legs, and face) and dementia. It is one of the more common inherited brain disorders. About 25,000 Americans have it and another 60,000 or so will carry the defective gene and will develop the disorder as they age. Physical deterioration occurs over a periodRead MoreResearch Paper on Huntingtons Disease1268 Words   |  6 PagesHuntington’s disease is a hereditary brain disorder that is progressive in neurodegeneration; which means, there is a loss of function and structures of one’s neurons. In the long run it results in the loss of both mental and physical control. The disease affects muscle coordination, cognition and behavior. It used to be known as Huntington’s chorea because it is the most common genetic disease that is the cause of abnormal twitching. Huntington s has an intense effect on patients, as individualsRead More Understanding Huntingtons Disease Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Huntingtons Disease Diagnosis of Huntingtons Disease Today, a blood test is available to diagnose a person displaying suspected Huntingtons symptoms. The test analyzes DNA in the blood sample and counts the number of times the genetic code for the mutated Huntingtons gene is repeated. Individuals with Huntingtons Disease usually have 40 or more such repeats; those without it, 28 or fewer. If the number of repeats falls somewhere in between then more extensive neurologicalRead MoreEssay about Huntingtons Disease1557 Words   |  7 PagesHuntington’s Disease is a brain disorder affecting movement, cognition, and emotions (Schoenstadt). It is a genetic disorder generally affecting people in their middle 30s and 40s (Sheth). Worldwide, Huntington’s disease (affects between 3-7 per 100,000 people of European ancestry (Schoenstadt). In the United States alone, 1 in every 30,000 people has Huntington’s disease (Genetic Learning Center). Huntington’s Disease is a multi-faceted disease, with a complex inheritance p attern and a wide rangeRead MoreTaking a Look at Huntingtons Disease1745 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. The cytoplasmic protein affected in Huntington’s disease is Huntingtin, coded for by the Huntingtin gene. The mutated version of the Huntingtin protein has several degenerative consequences on the molecular level. These are mainly caused by the elongated chain of glutamines that abberantly interacts with proteins and diminishes their biological functions. The mutated protein alsoRead MoreEssay on Huntingtons Disease - An Overview1185 Words   |  5 PagesHuntingtons Disease - An Overview Huntingtons Disease is a devastating and progressive neurological disorder that resu lts primarily from degeneration of nerve cells deep in the center of the brain. The condition was first described by George Huntington, a physician in New York, in 1872. Even then, the physician recognized the all-encompassing factors of the disorder when describing it as, coming on gradually but surely, increasing by degrees, and often occupying years in its developmentRead MoreEssay on Understanding Huntingtons Disease2054 Words   |  9 PagesUnderstanding Huntingtons Disease Huntingtons disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. It is passed on to children from one or both parents (though two parents with Huntingtons is extraordinarily rare) in an autosomal dominant manner. This is different from autosomal recessive disorder, which requires two altered genes (one from each parent) to inherit the disorder. So if one parent has it, and passes the gene on to a child, that child will develop Huntingtons disease if they live

Swot Analysis †Wal-Mart Free Essays

Strengths †¢Best positioned global retailer †¢Established business objective philosophy that is understood organization wide †¢Firm focus on the strategy of cost leadership by offering everyday low prices (EDLP) through everyday low costs (EDLC) †¢Efficient procurement and logistics system †¢Strong and stable financial performance and positive cash flows for reinvestment in improving operations Weaknesses †¢Significant dependence on the US market to maintain strong sales performance †¢Wal-Mart’s mass market approach as a retailer creates opportunities for ‘market nichers’ to capture specific market segments which may be overlooked. Wal-Mart’s extensive range of products limits its ability to give direct attention to understanding all its customers as opposed to its more focused competitors. †¢FIFO method of accounting for inventory, in the international markets, may not effectively support the strategy of everyday lo w prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis – Wal-Mart or any similar topic only for you Order Now Opportunities †¢There are opportunities to expand in countries with emerging economies †¢There are also opportunities to resuscitate growth in the US market †¢Innovations in technology present the opportunity to further integrate the value chain for increased efficiency to drive EDLC. Threats †¢The unstable economic climate in the USA will continue to negatively impact on Wal-Mart’s performance †¢Wal-Mart can lose customers to more focused competitors if they (competitors) are able to develop a value proposition greater than the simple offering of everyday low prices. †¢Wal-Mart’s global exposure exposes the organization to currency risk, political influences, and other uncertainties that can affect its operations. †¢Wal-Mart’s cost leadership strategy creates intensive price competition which poses a serious risk to profitability if operational costs are not ffectively managed. Wal-Mart is a large retailer that is keenly focused on the business philosophy of saving people money so they can live better. This philosophy drives the organization-wide quest of achieving EDLCs which are leveraged in delivering EDLPs. Based on corporate information, Wal-Mart has a total of 9700 retail units spread across 28 countries, as at Augus t 2011. This represents approximately 985 million square feet of retail space from which sales are generated. This broad network of superstores, discount stores, neighbourhood markets, suppliers, and customers are interconnected in a value delivery network fuelled by information technology. In this system, suppliers are able to track Wal-Mart’s inventory levels in real-time to ensure that products are available on time, in the right quantities, best quality, and at the lowest possible price. Simultaneously, Wal-Mart is able to track purchasing patterns, brand preferences, register customer feedback, and capture other related information for their sales and marketing programme. When it is all put together, Wal-Mart’s use of information technology empowers it to consistently deliver on its promise of everyday low prices, a reliable supply of its vast range of products, and capture an understanding of its customers and members that it serves over 200 million times per week. This, in turn, drives customer satisfaction and loyalty which is reflected in Wal-Mart’s strong financial performance compared to other global retailers. For the 2011 financial year, Wal-Mart’s sales grew by 3. 4% to US$419b and operating income grew by 6. 4% to US$25b. EPS grew by 12% to US$4. 8 and a total of US$19. 2b was paid out to shareholders through dividends or share repurchases. Between the 2009 and 2010 financial years, Wal-Mart has maintained a ROI of 19. 3% falling slightly to 19. 2% in 2011 due mainly to economic challenges within the US market. For comparison, Wal-Mart’s closest global competitor, Carrefour Group, generated a USD equivalent of app roximately $158b in sales for the 2010 financial year (latest full year results available). At the close of the second quarter of their 2011 financial year (August 31, 2011), Carrefour experienced a 2. % increase in sales at the USD equivalent of $58. 3b. However, underperformance in France, Greece, and Italy, due to struggling economies, resulted in a 22% reduction in operating income at a USD equivalent of $1. 1b. These results cements Wal-Mart’s position as the world’s largest and best positioned retailer with respect to sales revenue. On the flip side, Wal-Mart appears to be dependent on its dominance in the US market which showed a flat performance by generating US$260b in sales for the 2011 financial year, compared to US$259b in 2010. Despite expanding during the year to create more retail space, there was reduced customer traffic due to rising unemployment and a 2. 3% reduction in the income of the middle class according to the US Census Bureau. A 1% increase in the poverty rate to 15. 3% also had a negative impact on Wal-Mart’s performance and highlights the challenges within the US economy. In the international segment, the FIFO approach at inventory management and accounting may not entirely support its established strategy of everyday low prices as it does not allow for cost savings to be quickly passed on to its customers. It may also distort the true picture of the company’s financial performance. Putting it all together, the assessment of Wal-Mart’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats identifies the need for a strategic approach towards achieving its objective of 4-6% growth in sales revenue for the 2012 financial year and beyond. Given its dominance in the US market, the company should strategically move to hold/defend its market position by continuing to leverage IT for EDLCs and EDLPs. Aggressive sales promotions, especially through eCommerce, should be used to improve on the flat sales performance for 2011. Wal-Mart should, however, look to the emerging economies for further growth and expansion as they show a faster rate of economic recovery and a growing middle class. China, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia are ranked in the top five on the market potential index for emerging markets with respect to market growth rates. China, India, Russia, Brazil, and Indonesia are ranked in the top five based on market size. Pending further PESTEL Analysis, these emerging markets could potentially hold the key for Wal-Mart’s future expansion. How to cite Swot Analysis – Wal-Mart, Papers

Your Land free essay sample

A ; My Land Essay, Research Paper Your Land and My Land There are many differences in a metropolis when compared to a rural scene. One of the largest differences trades with that of the ocular milieus. Cities are filled with edifices, streets traffic and people, while the state is filled with trees, mountains, watercourses and animate beings. With such disturbance in this city-type scene, the natural environment is altered a great trade. Natural wildlife, which runs rampant in the broad great out-of-doorss, is apparently non-existent in urban countries. This, nevertheless, is non the instance by any agencies. It is necessary to look a small closer to happen wildlife on the land of a metropolis. The wildlife that still exists inside the metropolis has learned to accommodate to their environment as agencies of endurance. Pigeons can be found eating breadcrumbs from an old adult male? s custodies in the park. Rat scour the cloacas and back streets for garbages. Squirrels relax in the trees and do their moves for nutrient consequently, while avoiding some jeopardies such as autos and people that surround them. These are all illustrations of how animate beings can accommodate to the scene and survive. In the state or any rural country, nature maps in a different mode. Peoples must larn to accommodate to their milieus, while animate beings and nature continue to populate on peacefully. While driving down a state main road at dark, one must watch carefully for cervid, moose or any other type of animate being that could hold wandered into the center of the route. Roads themselves leave people in the state covering more with nature? s wrath. Snow on a blowy soil route up a mountain becomes much more of a hinderance as Page 1 compared to snow that would be plowed off and kept melted with salt on a level metropolis street. A big tree that could hold fallen in the route out in the state could take yearss to be cleared ; yet in the metropolis such a tree would be removed in an immediate manner. Visiting nature or animate beings while in the metropolis, can be accomplished by a trip to the park or menagerie. Both Parkss and zoos inside the metropolis are really high care, at the same clip dearly-won. In rural country, Parkss have existed everlastingly and upkeep is non the hardest of undertakings to carry through. In the state, even if a park is unavailable, one is still surrounded by a sense of composure while animate beings co-exist with worlds. When sing a menagerie in the metropolis, it is obvious to see that animate beings are non around by their ain free will. Being held confined and surrounded by bars limits the ability for animate beings to roll freely ad live their life the manner it was meant to be. Psychologically, this may hold something to make with the stereotype of metropolis people non being every bit hospitable as state inhabitants, in general. In the bunco and hustle of the metropolis, many people have a inclination to acquire so wrapped up and trapped in t heir typically fast-paced life, go forthing small chance to wind off, loosen up and fundamentally rest the encephalon. Appreciation of nature would besides hold to be one of the biggest differences. One who lives in the state or rural country that is surrounded by nature twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out, might non appreciate what they have around them. Yet o Nes who lives in the metropolis and escapes to a park, menagerie, or even holidaies to a privy country ; enjoys every minute of the peace and repose. Respect is kept by a city-dweller for the land that remains unharmed by world and its every turning population and industrialisation. For without such rural countries, one wouldn? Ts have a topographic point to travel ease the head. This goes to Page 2 demo how people can so easy take things for granted. Another major difference that is easy noticed is the many sounds heard. In a state field one can set his or her ear to the air current and listen to grass blowing, birds peeping, H2O fluxing in a nearby watercourse and possibly the swoon rumbling of your neighbour? s tractor. Those small quivers from that tractor are a fraction of the noise people are capable to everyday in every metropolis. Motors running, horns blaring, 100s upon 1000s of people speaking, and your ain encephalon seeking to take in everything are perfect illustrations of the loud sounds heard in the mean urban country. Many people who live in metropoliss accept this and travel on about their lives. Other people would be driven insane within a affair of yearss. This is an illustration of how a individual? s environment during the class of his or her life straight shapes who that individual is. This following difference focuses on a different sense. When person takes in a large breath of fresh air in the mountains or the wide-open farming areas that individual will be able to open up the lungs and about smell the esthesis of cool clean air. Pine trees, strawberry Fieldss and of class, cow manure are some common aromas in the rural scene. In a metropolis there is besides a broad array of olfactory properties one can smell. Unfortunately, one of the first that comes to mind is the exhaust exhausts from the ever-increasing sum of autos and trucks on the route. Another instead unpleasant odor is the rubbish that sometimes does non acquire picked up early plenty. There are nevertheless, many appealing odors in a metropolis every bit good. Visualize a hungry tourer walking down a busy street. One could be overwhelmed by the odors of many different sorts of culinary art. Indian nutrient, Italian nutrient, Turkish nutrient, and Chinese nutrient are merely a few picks one has in a m etropolis. In a barely populated country, it? s Page 3 either Joe? s Diner or your deep-freeze for the mundane dining experience. Either manner you look at it, there are pros and cons to each of the described scenes. All in all, the busier metropolis life has entree to more picks, more action, and more overall exhilaration. The downside to that life style is the emphasis, noise and air pollution, and other unsightly scenes and odors. The rural, or countryside country, on the other manus, has other intangible advantages such as the composure, easy modus operandi in a laid back society. The natural sounds and openness of this ambiance seem to allow free a feeling of repose that is excessively hard to depict in words. Although there are many things that are difficult to get and assist in certain state of affairss may be difficult to come by, the rural countries decidedly have a quality all to themselves. In the terminal, a good quotation mark to populate by is? To each his ain? . 32b